![]() ![]() As exemplified by the works of (854–925 AD), during later times, philosophy 'was carried on as a private activity, largely by medical men, pursued with discretion, and often met with suspicion'.The founder of Islamic philosophical ethics is (932–1030 AD) He combined Aristotelian and Islamic ethics, explicitly mentioning the Nicomachean Ethics and its interpretation by as the foundation of his philosophical thoughts.In the 12th century, the early Islamic which had developed out of was effectively criticised by, one of the most influential scholars of Islam. The distinction between a scholarly elite and the less educated masses 'was to become a commonplace of Islamic thought'. ![]() However, according to Hourani, al-Farabi also wrote that philosophy in its pure form was reserved for an intellectual elite, and that ordinary people should rely for guidance on the sharia. In general, the Islamic philosophers saw no contradiction between philosophy and the religion of Islam. ![]()
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